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FIR vs complaint vs NCR explainer (India)

Confused what the police station gave you — an FIR, an NCR, or whether you should go to a Magistrate with a private complaint? Pick a type for a plain-language map of meaning, typical next steps, what not to do, and documents to keep. Runs in your browser. Educational only — not legal advice.

Quick comparison

FIRComplaintNCR
Who records it?Police station (cognizable info)Magistrate (court)Police station (non-cognizable register)
Starts police investigation?Yes, ordinarilyOnly if Magistrate orders / process leads thereNot without Magistrate order (BNSS s.174)
Key BNSS anchorss.173 (old CrPC 154)s.223+ / s.175(3) themess.174 (old CrPC 155)
Free copy / acknowledgmentYes — insist on FIR copyCourt filing receipt / orderAsk for NCR / GD acknowledgment

Choose what you want to understand

FIR — First Information Report

Police record for a cognizable offence; starts investigation.

What it means

An FIR is the police station’s formal record of information about a cognizable offence (offences where police can ordinarily investigate and, subject to law, arrest without warrant). Since 1 July 2024 the duty to record such information sits in Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) — the successor to Section 154 CrPC. You are entitled to a free copy. Zero FIR / e-information themes also live in Section 173.

✅ When people use this path

  • The facts disclose a cognizable offence (e.g. theft, robbery, serious hurt, sexual offences, many cheating/fraud patterns — the exact schedule is in law, not this tool).
  • You want the police to investigate and create an official case record.
  • You need an FIR number for insurance, MACT, employer, or court processes that ask for it.

➡️ Typical next steps

  • Give a written complaint with dates, place, names and what happened; ask for a stamped receipt.
  • If the station refuses, use Zero FIR at another station, write to the SP under Section 173(4) BNSS, and consider a Magistrate application under Section 175(3) — see our police-refusing-FIR guide.
  • Keep the FIR copy and follow investigation updates (BNSS expects progress information to informants/victims within framed timelines).

🚫 What not to do

  • Do not invent facts — giving false information to police is itself an offence.
  • Do not sign blank papers or hand over original devices without a seizure memo you understand.
  • Do not treat an FIR as a conviction; it is the start of investigation, not the end of a trial.

📂 Documents to gather

  • Written complaint and acknowledgment
  • ID proof and contact details
  • Photos, chats, bank/UPI records, medical papers if any
  • Witness names and addresses

⚖️ Law references (educational)

  • BNSS Section 173 (old CrPC 154) — information in cognizable cases
  • Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of U.P. (2013) — mandatory registration when cognizable offence is disclosed
  • BNSS Section 173(3) — limited preliminary enquiry theme for certain 3–7 year offences
Show English / Hindi alternate text

FIR थाने का औपचारिक रिकॉर्ड है जब जानकारी संज्ञेय अपराध दर्शाती है (जहाँ पुलिस सामान्यतः जाँच कर सकती है और क़ानून के अधीन बिना वारंट गिरफ़्तारी संभव)। 1 जुलाई 2024 से यह कर्तव्य भारतीय नागरिक सुरक्षा संहिता, 2023 की धारा 173 में है (पुरानी CrPC 154)। आपको मुफ़्त प्रति का अधिकार है। ज़ीरो FIR / ई-सूचना भी धारा 173 में हैं।

✅ यह मार्ग कब

  • तथ्य संज्ञेय अपराध दर्शाते हों (चोरी, लूट, गंभीर चोट, यौन अपराध, कई ठगी/धोखाधड़ी पैटर्न — सटीक सूची क़ानून में है)।
  • आप चाहते हों कि पुलिस जाँच करे और आधिकारिक केस रिकॉर्ड बने।
  • बीमा, MACT, नियोक्ता या न्यायालय प्रक्रिया के लिए FIR नंबर चाहिए।

➡️ आम अगले कदम

  • तारीख, स्थान, नाम और घटना के साथ लिखित शिकायत दें; मुहर वाली रसीद माँगें।
  • थाना मना करे तो दूसरे थाने में ज़ीरो FIR, धारा 173(4) में SP को लिखें, और धारा 175(3) मजिस्ट्रेट आवेदन पर विचार करें — हमारी ‘पुलिस FIR नहीं लिख रही’ गाइड देखें।
  • FIR की प्रति रखें और जाँच अपडेट का पालन करें।

🚫 क्या न करें

  • तथ्य न गढ़ें — पुलिस को झूठी सूचना देना स्वयं अपराध है।
  • खाली कागज़ पर दस्तखत न करें; बिना समझे मूल उपकरण न सौंपें।
  • FIR को दोषसिद्धि न समझें — यह जाँच की शुरुआत है, मुकदमे का अंत नहीं।

📚 Related free guides

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FAQs

Is an NCR the same as an FIR?
No. An FIR under BNSS Section 173 records cognizable information and ordinarily starts investigation. An NCR under Section 174 records non-cognizable information; police generally need a Magistrate’s order to investigate.
What is a private complaint?
A complaint made to a Magistrate (not the police station FIR desk) asking the court to take cognizance. It follows the BNSS complaint pathway (old CrPC 200 themes) and is different from an FIR.
Police gave me only an NCR — what can I do?
Keep the acknowledgment. If you believe a cognizable offence is made out, escalate in writing (SP / Magistrate routes in our police-refusing-FIR guide). If the matter is truly non-cognizable, follow the Magistrate path under Section 174 themes.
Does Adhiwakta file FIRs or complaints?
No. Adhiwakta is a facilitation platform, not a law firm. Use Ask or WhatsApp for general educational guidance only.

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